![]() HFNO has a number of beneficial effects not provided by standard nasal cannula. Specialized wide bore nasal cannulae, which convey the oxygen/air blend from the gas tubing to the patient’s nose.Wide bore tubing to deliver gas from the gas supply to the nasal cannulae.A humidifier capable of fully humidifying the inspired oxygen/air mixture.A flowmeter capable of flows of up to 100 liters per minute.An electrically powered high-pressure oxygen/air supply (ideally with a blender to blend air into the gas flow to reduce the FiO 2 if needed).Therefore, there is little entrainment of room air which allows the delivery of a high FiO 2 (95–100%). With this technique, the high flows delivered via the specially designed nasal cannulae now exceed the patient’s IFR. In contrast, HFNO uses oxygen flows of 50–100 L/M. The effective delivered oxygen concentration (which reaches the lungs) is usually 25–30%, if a patient is receiving 2–4 L/M of nasal O 2. Once the IFR exceeds the flow of O 2 coming from the nasal cannulae, room air will be entrained which dilutes the FiO 2. ![]() Spontaneously breathing patients typically have an inspiratory flow rate (IFR) of 20–40 L/M. When patients are administered low flow nasal O 2, the oxygen flow rates are typically between 2–10 liters/minute (L/M). There is a marked difference between oxygen administration with standard low flow nasal cannulae and HFNO.
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